От совмещения учебы с работой к совмещению работы с учебой? Изменение модели российского высшего образования
Аннотация
Совмещение учебы в вузе с работой приобрело в России массовый характер. По данным Мониторинга трудоустройства выпускников, около 53% студентов бакалавриата и специалитета очной формы обучения работали хотя бы один месяц на протяжении срока обучения в вузе. В статье представлены комплексный анализ характеристик совмещения учебы с работой и оценка их вклада в индивидуальные зарплаты и вероятность занятости через год после выпуска из вуза. Установлено, что регулярная трудовая занятость во время академического года по частоте распространения преобладает над временной работой в летние месяцы. В среднем факт совмещения учебы с работой увеличивает вероятность занятости через год после выпуска на 16–19% и приносит выпускникам зарплатную премию в размере 14%. При этом существует значительная дифференциация в размере отдачи от совмещения в зависимости от характеристик занятости и образовательных факторов. Чем ближе курс совмещения к выходу на рынок труда, тем выше вклад совмещения и в заработные платы, и в трудоустройство, хотя и опыт работы на начальных курсах продолжает приносить небольшую отдачу после выпуска. Имеются значимые перекрестные эффекты между совмещением учебы с работой, направлениями подготовки и уровнем селективности оконченного университета. Наблюдаемые закономерности позволяют судить о сформировавшейся в России особой модели перехода от учебы к работе, в которой процесс трудоустройства и входа в профессиональную сферу предваряет получение диплома. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о наличии сильной комплементарности между образованием и совмещением учебы с работой. При этом без качественного образования совмещение учебы с работой не дает высокой отдачи, успех на рынке труда обеспечивает сочетание разных образовательных факторов и их взаимодействие.
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Литература
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