На пути к преодолению неравенства: портрет и опыт студентов первого поколения в России
Аннотация
В контексте массовизации высшего образования студенты первого поколения (те, чьи родители не имеют высшего образования) сталкиваются с особыми барьерами на пути к получению высшего образования из-за своих специфических запросов, опыта и карьерных ожиданий. Это делает их одной из групп риска с точки зрения образовательной успешности, что актуализирует проведение исследований, которые помогут лучше понять специфику этой группы студентов. Цель данной статьи заключалась в определении типичного портрета российских студентов первого поколения, анализе их стратегий поступления в вузы, а также особенностей их образовательного опыта. В качестве эмпирической основы для исследования использовались данные опроса студентов российских вузов, собранные в рамках проекта «Мониторинг экономики образования» (N = 9969). Согласно полученным результатам, вопреки зарубежным исследованиям, российские студенты первого поколения не отличаются от студентов, у родителей которых есть высшее образование по большинству рассматриваемых характеристик. Хотя различия в специфике поступления и образовательном опыте студентов статистически значимы, их нельзя назвать существенными в силу малого размера эффекта. Это можно объяснить спецификой российского контекста, связанной с доминированием представлений о высшем образовании как социальной норме и высоким уровнем доступности бесплатного высшего образования, а также стандартизированной моделью приема, которая может нивелировать первичные эффекты неравенства. Вместе с тем, отдельного внимания в последующих исследованиях заслуживает дифференцированный анализ траекторий, установок и образовательного опыта студентов первого поколения, обучающихся в селективных и неселективных университетах. Это позволит дать более детальную картину в отношении не просто обобщенных показателей доступности высшего образования для традиционно недопредставленных социальных групп, но и возможных ограничениях доступности наиболее качественного сегмента высшего образования для этих групп.
Скачивания
Литература
Altbach P.G. (2007) Globalization and the University: Realities in an Unequal World. Tradition and Transition: The International Imperative in Higher Education (ed. P.G. Altbach), Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers, pp. 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087903596_003
Ayala C., Striplen A. (2002) A Career Introduction Model for First-Generation College Freshmen Students. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Education, Educational Resources Information Center.
Barsegyan V., Maas I. (2024) First-Generation Students' Educational Outcomes: The Role of Parental Educational, Cultural, and Economic Capital—A 9-Years Panel Study. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, vol. 91, June, Article no 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100939
Bekova S. (2022) Combining University Study and Work: From Undergraduate to Graduate Level. Moscow: HSE (In Russian).
Bessudnov A., Kurakin D., Malik V. (2017) The Myth about Universal Higher Education: Russia in the International Context. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 3, pp. 83–109 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2017-3-83-109
Bettinger E., Long B., Oreopoulos P., Sanbonmatsu L. (2012) The Role of Application Assistance and Information in College Decisions: Results from the H&R Block FAFSA Experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 127, no 3, pp. 1205–1242. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjs017
Bogdanov M.B., Malik V.M. (2020) Social, Territorial and Gender Inequalities in Educational Trajectories of the Russian Youth. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, no 3 (157), pp. 392–421 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2020.3.1603
Boudon R. (1974) Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality: Changing Prospects in Western Society. New York, NY: Wiley.
Brooks R., Gupta A., Jayadeva S., Abrahams J. (2021) Students' Views about the Purpose of Higher Education: A Comparative Analysis of Six European Countries. Higher Education Research & Development, vol. 40, no 7, pp. 1375–1388. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2020.1830039
Bugakova P.O., Prakhov I.A. (2021) The Characteristics of the University Admission System and Their Influence on the Accessibility of Higher Education. University Management: Practice and Analysis, vol. 25, no 4, pp. 37–54 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.15826/umpa.2021.04.035
Carlton M.T. (2015) First Generation Students and Post-Undergraduate Aspirations. SAGE Open, vol. 5, no 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015618433
Carvalhaes F., Senkevics A.S., Ribeiro C.A.C. (2023) The Intersection of Family Income, Race, and Academic Performance in Access to Higher Education in Brazil. Higher Education, vol. 86, no 3, pp. 591–616. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00916-7
Chen X. (2005) First-Generation Students in Postsecondary Education: A Look at Their College Transcripts. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Chernenko S.E., Romanenko K.R. (2022) “Doomed to Success”: Promoting School Power, Role of the Family, and Inequality on the Way of the Olympiads Winners to University. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 3, pp. 213–238 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2022-3-213-238
Choy S.P. (2001) Students Whose Parents Did Not Go to College: Postsecondary Access, Persistence, and Attainment. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Coleman J.S. (1988) Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 94, pp. S95–S120.
Collier P.J., Morgan D.L. (2008) "Is That Paper Really Due Today?": Differences in First-Generation and Traditional College Students' Understandings of Faculty Expectations. Higher Education, vol. 55, May, pp. 425–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-007-9065-5
Corak M., Lipps G., Zhao J. (2004) Family Income and Participation in Post-Secondary Education. SSRN Electronic Journal, Article no 491484. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.491484
Davis J. (2010) The First Generation Student Experience: Implications for Campus Practice, and Strategies for Improving Persistence and Success. New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003447801
Dockery A.M., Koshy P., Li I.W. (2022) Parental Expectations of Children's Higher Education Participation in Australia. British Educational Research Journal, vol. 48, no 4, pp. 617–639. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3786
Gofen A. (2009) Family Capital: How First‐Generation Higher Education Students Break the Intergenerational Cycle. Family Relations, vol. 58, no 1, pp. 104–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00538.x
Green S.L., Wright C.F. (2017) Retaining First Generation Underrepresented Minority Students: A Struggle for Higher Education. Progress in Education (ed. R.V. Nata), Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science, vol. 46, pp. 101–122.
Grodsky E., Jones M.T. (2007) Real and Imagined Barriers to College Entry: Perceptions of Cost. Social Science Research, vol. 36, no 2, pp. 745–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.05.001
Herbaut E., Geven K. (2020) What Works to Reduce Inequalities in Higher Education? A Systematic Review of the (Quasi-)Experimental Literature on Outreach and Financial Aid. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, vol. 65, February, Article no 100442. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100442
Hoxby C., Turner S. (2013) Expanding College Opportunities for High-Achieving, Low Income Students. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper no 12-014.
Ishitani T.T. (2006) Studying Attrition and Degree Completion Behavior among First-Generation College Students in the United States. The Journal of Higher Education, vol. 77, no 5, pp. 861–885. http://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.2006.0042
Ishitani T.T. (2003) A Longitudinal Approach to Assessing Attrition Behavior among First-Generation Students: Time-Varying Effects of Pre-College Characteristics. Research in Higher Education, vol. 44, no 4, pp. 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024284932709
Jerrim J., Chmielewski A.K., Parker P. (2015) Socioeconomic Inequality in Access to High-Status Colleges: A Cross-Country Comparison. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, vol. 42, December, pp. 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2015.06.003
Khavenson T.E., Chirkina T.A. (2019) Student Educational Choice after the 9th and 11th Grades: Comparing the Primary and Secondary Effects of Family Socioeconomic Status. The Journal of Social Policy Studies, vol. 17, no 4, pp. 539–554 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/727-0634-2019-17-4-539-554
Kosyakova Y., Yastrebov G., Yanbarisova D., Kurakin D. (2016) The Reproduction of Social Inequality within the Russian Educational System. Models of Secondary Education and Social Inequality (eds H.-P. Blossfeld, S. Buchholz, J. Skopek, M. Triventi), Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA: Edward Elgar, pp. 323–342. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785367267
Kuzminov Ya.I., Yudkevich M.M. (2021) Universities in Russia: How It Works. Moscow: HSE (In Russian).
Loyalka P., Song Y., Wei J., Zhong W., Rozelle S. (2013) Information, College Decisions and Financial Aid: Evidence from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in China. Economics of Education Review, vol. 36, October, pp. 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.05.001
Lucas S.R. (2001) Effectively Maintained Inequality: Education Transitions, Track Mobility, and Social Background Effects. American Journal of Sociology, vol. 106, no 6, pp. 1642–1690. http://doi.org/10.1086/321300
Lukina A.A. (2023) Educational Trajectories of First-Generation Students as a Case of Inequality in Higher Education. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 2, pp. 133–160 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2023-2-133-160
Malinovskiy S.S., Shibanova E.Yu., Shcherbakova D.A., Boroday O.A., Rybakova E.R., Borzykh A.A. (2024) Social Capital and Educational Expectations of Russian Families. Moscow: HSE (In Russian).
Malinovskiy S.S., Shibanova E.Yu. (2023) Barriers to Access to Higher Education and Social Differentiation of Educational Pathways: Information Bulletin. Moscow: HSE (In Russian).
Malinovskiy S.S., Shibanova E.Yu. (2022) Access to Higher Education in Russia: How to Turn Expansion into Equality. Moscow: HSE (In Russian).
Maloshonok N.G., Vilkova K.A. (2022) Measuring Student Academic Engagement as a Tool for Assessing the Quality of Russian Higher Education. Moscow: HSE (In Russian). http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/978-5-7598-2644-6
Maltseva V.A., Salnikova I.Y., Shabalin A.I. (2022) Vocational School Instead of a University: What Brings Successful Eleventh-Graders to Vocational Education? Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, no 3, pp. 45–66 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2022.3.2090
Nunez A.M., Cuccaro-Alamin S. (1998) First-Generation Students: Undergraduates Whose Parents Never Enrolled in Postsecondary Education. Statistical Analysis Report. Washington DC: U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Oakes J. (1990) Multiplying Inequalities: The Effects of Race, Social Class, and Tracking on Opportunities to Learn Mathematics and Science. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Oreopoulos P., Dunn R. (2013) Information and College Access: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 115, no 1, pp. 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2012.01742.x
Pascarella E.T., Pierson C.T., Wolniak G.C., Terenzini P.T. (2004) First-Generation College Students: Additional Evidence on College Experiences and Outcomes. The Journal of Higher Education, vol. 75, no 3, pp. 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2004.11772256
Pentin A., Kovaleva G., Davydova E., Smirnova E. (2018) Science Education in Russia According to the Results of the TIMSS and PISA International Studies. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 1, pp. 79–109 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2018-1-79-109
Prakhov I.A. (2015) Barriers Limiting Access to Quality Higher Education in the Context of the USE: Family and School as Constraining Factors. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 1, pp. 88–117 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2015-1-88-117
Pratt I.S., Harwood H.B., Cavazos J.T., Ditzfeld C.P. (2019) Should I Stay or Should I Go? Retention in First-Generation College Students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, vol. 21, no 1, pp. 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025117690868
Riehl R.J. (1994) The Academic Preparation, Aspirations, and First-Year Performance of First-Generation Students. College and University, vol. 70, no 1, pp. 14–19.
Roksa J., Arum R. (2015) Inequality in Skill Development on College Campuses. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, vol. 39, March, pp. 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.09.001
Roshchin S.Yu., Rudakov V.N. (2014) Combining Work and Study by Russian Higher Education Institution Students. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 2, pp. 152–179 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2014-2-152-179
Rozhkova K.V., Roshchin S.Yu., Travkin P.V. (2024) From Combining Study and Work to Combining Work and Study? The Changing Model of Russian Higher Education. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 2, pp. 286–322 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/vo-2024-17242
Saenz V.B., Hurtado S., Barrera D., Wolf D.S., Yeung F. (2007) First in My Family: A Profile of First-Generation College Students at Four-Year Institutions Since 1971. Los Angeles, CA: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.
Scott P. (1995) The Meanings of Mass Higher Education. Burkingham: The Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University.
Shcheglova I.A. (2019) Can Student Engagement in Extracurricular Activities Facilitate the Development of Their Soft Skills? Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, no 6, pp. 111–121 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2019.6.07
Shcheglova I.A., Dremova O.V. (2022) Extracurricular Activities as a Factor in Students' Academic Success. Moscow: HSE (In Russian).
Shcheglova I.A., Koreshnikova Yu.N., Parshina O.A. (2019) The Role of Engagement in the Development of Critical Thinking in Undergraduates. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 1, pp. 264–289 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2019-1-264-289
Simonová N., Soukup P. (2015) Impact of Primary and Secondary Social Origin Factors on the Transition to University in the Czech Republic. British Journal of Sociology of Education, vol. 36, no 5, pp. 707–728. http://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2013.854690
Soria K.M., Stebleton M.J. (2012) First-Generation Students' Academic Engagement and Retention. Teaching in Higher Education, vol. 17, no 6, pp. 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2012.666735
Spiegler T., Bednarek A. (2013) First-Generation Students: What We Ask, What We Know and What It Means: An International Review of the State of Research. International Studies in Sociology of Education, vol. 23, no 4, pp. 318–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2013.815441
Striplin J.J. (1999) Facilitating Transfer for First-Generation Community College Students. Los Angeles, CA: ERIC Clearinghouse for Community Colleges.
Tan Q., Li C., Wu P., Abbas S., Teng L. (2023) Family Capital, Social Stratification, and Access to Higher Education: An Empirical Study in Mainland China. Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 13, January, Article no 1035715. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1035715
Tarasova E.A. (2024) “Social Elevator”: Research of Affirmative Action Program. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii / Higher Education in Russia, vol. 33, no 10, pp. 83–103 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2024-33-10-83-103
Thayer P.B. (2000) Retention of Students from First Generation and Low Income Backgrounds. Washington DC: U.S. Dept. of Education, National TRIO Clearinghouse
Tight M. (2023) From Elite Higher Education to Massification. The Oxford Handbook of Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region (eds D. Kapur, L. Kong, F. Lo, D.M. Malone), Oxford, OX2 6DP: Oxford University, pp. 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192845986.001.0001
Tomlinson M. (2018) Conceptions of the Value of Higher Education in a Measured Market. Higher Education, vol. 75, no 4, pp. 711–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0165-6
Trow M. (1973) Problems in the Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education. Berkeley, CA: Carnegie Commission on Higher Education.
Varkey Foundation (2017) Global Parents' Survey. Available at: https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/_files/ugd/5c330e_08203a0b372c4a4fa9185c3ee517fcaa.pdf (accessed 28.06.2025).
Vlasova T., Samok A. (2019) The Role of Human Capital in the Choice of an Applicant’s Educational Strategy. Bulletin of Udmurt University. Sociology. Political Science. International Relations, vol. 3, no 3, pp. 292–305 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2019-3-3-292-305
Yanbarisova D.M. (2014) Combining Work and Study in Tatarstan Higher Education Institutions: How Academic Performance Is Affected? Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 1, pp. 218–237 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2014-1-218-237
Yastrebov G., Kosyakova Y., Kurakin D. (2018) Slipping Past the Test: Heterogeneous Effects of Social Background in the Context of Inconsistent Selection Mechanisms in Higher Education. Sociology of Education, vol. 91, no 3, pp. 224–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040718779087
