Судьба заочника: выпускники российских вузов заочной формы обучения на рынке труда
Аннотация
Статья посвящена карьерным результатам выпускников российских вузов, получивших образование заочно. В основе исследования лежат тотальные административные данные о трудоустройстве бакалавров и специалистов 2018 и 2022 гг. выпуска. Используются зарплатные регрессии с коррекцией Хекмана и декомпозиция по методу Оаксаки — Блайндера для выявления факторов, влияющих на разницу в заработных платах выпускников очных и заочных программ. Установлено, что 70% выпускников заочной формы обучения в течение года после получения диплома остаются на прежнем рабочем месте и не получают значительного прироста заработной платы в отличие от выпускников очной формы обучения. Кроме того, выпускники-очники зарабатывают в среднем на 3–5% больше выпускников заочных программ через год после выпуска, но в перспективе пяти лет разрыв возрастает до 22% при контроле демографических, образовательных, трудовых характеристик и самоотбора в занятость. Наличие более продолжительного опыта работы у заочников, в том числе во время обучения, сокращает наблюдаемый зарплатный разрыв, в то время как традиционные показатели качества образования (тип вуза, диплом с отличием) его увеличивают. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о наличии существенной дифференциации в отдаче от высшего образования в зависимости от характеристик качества образования, и эта дифференциация не только не компенсируется опытом работы, но и усиливается по мере карьерного продвижения.
Скачивания
Литература
Bennion A., Scesa A., Williams R. (2011) The Benefits of Part‐Time Undergraduate Study and UK Higher Education Policy: A Literature Review. Higher Education Quarterly, vol. 65, no 2, pp. 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2273.2010.00482.x
Blinder A.S. (1973) Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates. Journal of Human Resources, vol. 8, no 4, pp. 436–455. https://doi.org/10.2307/144855
Brennan J., Mills J., Shah T., Woodley A. (2000) Lifelong Learning for Employment and Equity: The Role of Part‐Time Degrees. Higher Education Quarterly, vol. 54, no 4, pp. 411–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2273.00168
Brennan J., Mills J., Shah T., Woodley A. (1999) Part-Time Students and Employment: Report of a Survey of Students, Graduates and Diplomates. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=232d6699aea04edcca4b7abd5263812ddd0a95c6 (accessed 12 October 2024).
Callender C., Little B. (2015) The Hidden Benefits of Part-Time Higher Education Study to Working Practices: Is There a Case for Making Them More Visible? Journal of Education and Work, vol. 28, no 3, pp. 250–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2014.894635
Carnoy M., Rabling B.J., Castaño-Muñoz J., Duart Montoliu J.M., Sancho-Vinuesa T. (2012) Who Attends and Completes Virtual Universities: The Case of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC). Higher Education, vol. 63, March, pp. 53–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9424-0
Castaño-Muñoz J., Carnoy M., Duart J.M. (2016) Estimating the Economic Payoff to Virtual University Education: A Case Study of the Open University of Catalonia. Higher Education, vol. 72, September, pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9935-1
Castaño-Muñoz J., Rodrigues M. (2021) Open to MOOCs? Evidence of Their Impact on Labour Market Outcomes. Computers & Education, vol. 173, November, Article no 104289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104289
Cherednichenko G.A. (2021) Paths to Distance Learning at a University and its Application. Sociologicheskaja nauka i social’naja praktika, vol. 9, no 4, pp. 112–126 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2021.9.4.8610
Cherednichenko G.A. (2019) Part-Time Learners of Higher Education: Training and After Graduation. Sociologicheskaja nauka i social’naja praktika, vol. 7, no 2, pp. 46–64 (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.2.6409
Cherednichenko G.A. (2018) Distance Learning As Compared to Full-Time Programs in Higher Education (based on Russia’s Official Statistics). Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 2, pp. 254–282 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2018-2-254-282
Cherednichenko G.A., Voznesenskaya E.D., Kuznetsov I.S. (2020) Part‐Time Student in Higher Education: Social Behaviour in Education and Labour Market. Moscow: FCTAS RAS (In Russian).
Delaney L., Farren M. (2016) No ‘Self’Left Behind? Part-Time Distance Learning University Graduates: Social Class, Graduate Identity and Employability. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, vol. 31, no 3, pp. 194–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2016.1208553
Dudyrev F., Romanova O., Travkin P. (2020) Student Employment and School-to-Work Transition: The Russian Case. Education and Training, vol. 62, no 4, pp. 441–457. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2019-0158
Feinstein L., Anderson T., Hammond C., Jamieson A., Woodley A. (2007) The Social and Economic Benefits of Part-Time, Mature Study at Birkbeck College and the Open University. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/21678123/The_Social_and_Economic_Benefits_of_Part_Time_Mature_Study_at_Birkbeck_College_and_the_Open_University (accessed 12 October 2024).
Gaskell A., Mills R. (2014) The Quality and Reputation of Open, Distance and e-Learning: What Are the Challenges? Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, vol. 29, no 3, pp. 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2014.993603
Goodchild A. (2019) Part-Time Students in Transition: Supporting a Successful Start to Higher Education. Journal of Further and Higher Education, vol. 43, no 6, pp. 774–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2017.1404560
Heckman J. (1979) Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica, vol. 47, no 1, pp. 153–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912352
Jamieson A., Sabates R., Woodley A., Feinstein L. (2009) The Benefits of Higher Education Study for Part‐Time Students. Studies in Higher Education, vol. 34, no 3, pp. 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070802597010
Li F. (2018) The Expansion of Higher Education and the Returns of Distance Education in China. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, vol. 19, no 4. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i4.2881
Lukyanova A.N. (2022) Gender Pay Gap: Looking beyond the Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition. Working paper no WP3/2022/08. Series «Labour market problems». Moscow: HSE. Available at: https://publications.hse.ru/pubs/share/direct/803420944.pdf (accessed 12 October 2024).
Lukyanova A.N. (2021) What Keeps Public Sector Workers in Low‐Paid Jobs? The Role of Self‐Selection and Non‐Cognitive Skills in Explaining the Public‐Private Wage Gap. Applied Econometrics, vol. 62, pp. 32–53 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.22394/1993‐7601‐2021‐62‐32‐53
Malinovskiy S.S., Shibanova E.Y. (2022) The Reasons and Drivers behind Higher Education Ceasing to Expand in Russia. Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal / Sociological Journal, vol. 28, no 3, pp. 8–37 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.3.9149
Maltseva V.A., Salnikova I.Y., Shabalin A.I. (2022) Vocational School Instead of a University: What Brings Successful Eleventh-Graders to Vocational Education? Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, vol. 169, no 3, pp. 45–66 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2022.3.2090
Neumark D. (1988) Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination. The Journal of Human Resources, vol. 23, no 3, pp. 279–295. https://doi.org/10.2307/145830
Oaxaca R. (1973) Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review, vol. 14, no 3, pp. 693–709. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525981
Ozerova O.K., Kobyshcha V.V. (2012) Part-Time Higher Professional Education in Russia: General Description (2005–2011). Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 1, pp. 246–256 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2012-1-246-256
Petterini F.C., Almeida V.L., França M.T., Irffi G.D. (2023) Is There e-Learning Penalty on Wages? Applied Economics Letters, vol. 31, no 16, pp. 1560–1564. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2023.2203448
Prakhov I. (2023) Indicators of Higher Education Quality and Salaries of University Graduates in Russia. International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 99, May, Article no 102771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102771
Roshchin S.Yu. (2006) From Study to Work: The Difficulties of Transition. Otechestvennye zapiski, vol. 30, no 3, pp. 134–151 (In Russian).
Roshchin S.Yu., Rudakov V.N. (2016) The Effect of University Quality on Graduates’ Wages. Voprosy Ekonomiki, no 8, pp. 74–95 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-8-74-95
Roshchin S.Yu., Yemelina N.K. (2022) Meta-Analysis of the Gender Pay Gap in Russia. Higher School of Economics Economic Journal, vol. 26, no 2, pp. 213–239 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8691-2022-26-2-213-239
Rozhkova K.V., Roshchin S.Yu., Solntsev S.A., Travkin P.V. (2023) The Differentiation of Quality in Higher Education and Graduates’ Wages in Russia. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 1, pp. 161–190 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2023-1-161-190
Rozhkova K.V., Roshchin S.Y., Solntsev S.A., Travkin P.V. (2021) The Return to Master’s Degree in the Russian Labor Market. Voprosy Ekonomiki, no 8, pp. 69–92 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-8-69-92
Rozhkova K.V., Roshchin S.Yu., Travkin P.V. (2024) From Combining Study and Work to Combining Work and Study? The Changing Model of Russian Higher Education. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 2, pp. 286–322 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/vo-2024-17242
Rudakov V., Roshchin S. (2019) The Impact of Student Academic Achievement on Graduate Salaries: The Case of a Leading Russian University. Journal of Education and Work, vol. 32, no 2, pp. 156–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2019.1617839
Stöter J., Bullen M., Zawacki-Richter O., von Prümmer C. (2014) From the Back Door into the Mainstream: The Characteristics of Lifelong Learners. Online Distance Education: Towards a Research Agenda (eds O. Zawacki-Richter, T. Anderson), Athabasca: Athabasca University, pp. 421–457. http://dx.doi.org/10.15215/aupress/9781927356623.01
Tight M. (1991) Higher Education: A Part-Time Perspective. Bristol: Open University.
Ugolnova L. (2013) Distance Learning in Professional Higher Education: Characteristics of Students. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 4, pp. 200–212 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2012-4-200-212
Varshavskaya E.Ya. (2018) Part-Time Higher Education in Russia: Economic and Statistical Analysis. Voprosy statistiki, vol. 25, no 7, pp. 31–39.
Woodley A., Simpson C. (2001) Learning and Earning: Measuring ‘Rates of Return’ among Mature Graduates from Part‐Time Distance Courses. Higher Education Quarterly, vol. 55, no 1, pp. 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2273.00172
Yemelina N.K., Rozhkova K.V., Roshchin S.Yu., Solntsev S.A., Travkin P.V. (2022) Graduates of Higher Education in the Russian Labour Market: Trends and Challenges. Moscow: HSE (In Russian).
