К вопросу о востребованности профессиональной аспирантуры в России: анализ данных о защитах диссертаций в технических науках
Аннотация
Современная российская аспирантура институционально ориентирована на воспроизводство кадрового потенциала науки и высшей школы. Поскольку карьерные траектории значительной части ее выпускников выходят за рамки академического рынка труда, в научно-педагогическом сообществе обсуждаются перспективы развития в России профессиональной аспирантуры, которая должна обеспечить адресную подготовку кадров высшей квалификации для наукоемких отраслей экономики и сферы интеллектуальных услуг. Дискурс о профессиональной аспирантуре сфокусирован на возможности адаптации эффективных практик зарубежных университетов и, к сожалению, в настоящее время не подкреплен количественными данными о востребованности подобного формата аспирантской подготовки в России. С целью оценить востребованность в России профессиональной аспирантуры в области технических наук впервые проведена количественная оценка распространенности практикоориентированных диссертационных работ, авторы которых являются сотрудниками организаций наукоемкого сектора экономики. Эмпирической базой исследования послужили представленные в открытом доступе данные о защитах диссертаций на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук в России в 2019 г. (N=1663). Для проведения детального анализа отобраны диссертационные материалы, в которых содержались сведения об обучении в аспирантуре и месте трудовой занятости диссертантов (N=715). В результате исследования определены параметры, характеризующие степень распространенности в России практикоориентированных диссертационных работ по разным дисциплинарным группам технических наук, в том числе: удельный вес аспирантов, трудоустроенных за пределами академического рынка труда; доля диссертаций, тематически связанных с профессиональной деятельностью их авторов; распространенность подготовки диссертаций на базе предприятий реального сектора экономики; различия в социально-демографических характеристиках и публикационной активности между аспирантами, работающими над диссертациями в университетах и в организациях наукоемкого бизнеса. Авторы приходят к выводу о целесообразности развития сетевых аспирантских программ в области инженерии, техники и технологий, направленных на кадровое обеспечение инновационной экономики, а также легитимизации особых требований к этим программам и подготовленным при их реализации практикоориентированным диссертационным работам.
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