Base Algorithm and Open Data of Auditing the e-Learning Digital Accessibility
Abstract
Enhancement the methodology for assessing the digital accessibility of e-learning is an important condition for improving the quality of modern educational services. In order to develop a basic algorithm for auditing digital accessibility, the expert data from 173 e-learning resources (56 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in mathematics, 65 MOOCs in computer science and programming, 22 intra-university online courses in mathematics, computer science and programming, 30 MOOCs in cardiopulmonary resuscitation) were systematized and analyzed. The paper considers: methods and process of collecting expert data, the content of data sets, the procedure for empirical analysis of the results of testing the e-learning content accessibility. The structure of the proposed algorithm of auditing the digital accessibility includes the following stages: preparation for examination; automatic and expert testing of digital accessibility and generation of data sets; data analysis; formulating a final conclusion and recommendations for improving digital accessibility. Further use of the basic algorithm and data sets of audits can be useful for the development of accessible education, the training of e-learning specialists, and the strengthening of regulatory and control mechanisms in the field of education.
Downloads
References
Acosta-Vargas P., González M., Luján-Mora S. (2020) Dataset for Evaluating the Accessibility of the Websites of Selected Latin American Universities. Data in Brief, vol. 28, Article no 105013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.105013
Akgül Y. (2018) Accessibility Evaluation of MOOCs Websites of Turkey. Journal of Life Economics, vol. 5, no 4, pp. 23–36. https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.259
Al-Mouh N., Al-Khalifa A., Al-Khalifa H. (2014) A First Look into MOOCs Accessibility: The Case of Coursera. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference "Computers Helping People with Special Needs" (Paris, France, July 9–11, 2014) (eds K. Miesenberger, D. Fels, D. Archambault, P. Peňáz, W. Zagler). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8547, pp. 145–152.
Birkun A., Kosova Y. (2022). Limited Accessibility of Free Online Resuscitation Education for People with Disabilities. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 56, June, pp. 100–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2022.03.039
Bohnsack M., Puhl S. (2014) Accessibility of MOOCs. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference "Computers Helping People with Special Needs" (Paris, France, July 9–11, 2014) (eds K. Miesenberger, D. Fels, D. Archambault, P. Peňáz, W. Zagler). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8547, pp. 141–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08596-8_21
Ferati M., Mripa N., Bunjaku R. (2016) Accessibility of MOOCs for Blind People in Developing Non-English Speaking Countries. Proceedings of the AHFE 2017 International Conference on Design for Inclusion (Los Angeles, CA, July 17–21, 2017) "Advances in Design for Inclusion" (eds G. Di Bucchianico, P. Kercher). Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 500, pp. 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41962-6_46
Gilligan J. (2020) Competencies for Educators in Delivering Digital Accessibility in Higher Education. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction, UAHCI 2020 (Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020) (eds M. Antona, C. Stephanidis). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12189, part 2, pp. 184–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49108-6_14
Iniesto F., McAndrew P., Minocha S., Coughlan T. (2019) Auditing the Accessibility of MOOCs: A Four-Component Approach. Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning (Delft, The Netherlands, September 16–19, 2019) Transforming Learning with Meaningful Technologies. (eds M. Scheffel, J. Broisin, V. Pammer-Schindler, A. Ioannou, J. Schneider). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11722, pp. 650–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29736-7_59
Iniesto F., McAndrew P., Minocha Sh., Coughlan T. (2016) Accessibility of MOOCs: Understanding the Provider Perspective. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, vol. 1, Article no 20. https://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jime.430
Kosova Y.A., Gapon A.S., Redkokosh K.I. (2021) Issledovanie dostupnosti elektronnykh obrazovatel'nykh resursov na universitetskoy platforme MOODLE [Examination of the Electronic Educational Resources Accessibility on the University Moodle Platform]. Informatika i obrazovanie / Informatics and Education, no 9, pp. 5–22. https://doi.org/10.32517/0234-0453-2021-36-9-5-22
Kosova E.A., Gapon A.S., Redkokosh K.I. (2020) Dostupnost' massovykh otkrytykh onlajn-kursov po komp'yuternym naukam i programmirovaniyu dlya lits s ogranichennymi vozmozhnostyami zdorov'ya [Accessibility of Massive Open Online Courses in Computer Sciences and Programming for Persons with Disabilities]. Otkrytoe obrazovanie / Open Education, vol. 24, no 5, 47–62. https://doi.org/10.21686/1818-4243-2020-5-47-62
Kosova Y., Izetova M. (2020). Dostupnost' massovykh otkrytykh onlajn-kursov po matematike dlya obuchayushchikhsya s ogranichennymi vozmozhnostyami zdorov'ya [Accessibility of Mathematics MOOCs to Learners with Disabilities]. Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 1, pp. 20–-229. https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2020-1-205-229
Kosova Y., Khalilova M. (2019) Analiz veb-dostupnosti massovykh otkrytykh onlajn-kursov po matematicheskim distsiplinam [Web Accessibility Analysis of Massive Open Online Courses in Mathematical Disciplines]. Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii / Higher Education in Russia, vol. 28, no 10, pp. 157–166. https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2019-28-10-157-166
Królak A., Zając P. (2022) Analysis of the Accessibility of Selected Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) for Users with Disabilities. Universal Access in the Information Society https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-022-00927-2
Lazar J. (2021) Managing Digital Accessibility at Universities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Universal Access in the Information Society, vol. 21, no 1, pp. 749–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-021-00792-5
Meleo-Erwin Z., Kollia B., Fera J., Jahren A., Basch C. (2020) Online Support Information for Students with Disabilities in Colleges and Universities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Disability and Health Journal, vol. 4, no 1, Article no 101013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101013
Mullin C., Gould R., Parker Harris S. (2021) ADA Research Brief: Digital Access for Students in Higher Education and the ADA. Chicago, IL: ADA National Network Knowledge Translation Center. Available at: https://adata.org/research_brief/research-brief-digital-access-students-higher-education-and-ada (accessed 20 March 2023).
Park K., So H.-J., Cha H. (2019) Digital Equity and Accessible MOOCs: Accessibility Evaluations of Mobile MOOCs for Learners with Visual Impairments. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 35, no 6, pp. 48–63. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5521
Ramírez-Vega A., Iniesto F., Rodrigo C. (2017) Raising Awareness of the Accessibility Challenges in Mathematics MOOCs. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (Cádiz, Spain, October 18–20, 2017), Article no 92. https://doi.org/10.1145/3144826.3145435
Rodríguez G., Perez J., Cueva S., Torres R. (2017) Accessibility and Usability OCW Data: The UTPL OCW. Data in Brief, vol. 13, iss. C, pp. 582–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.06.007
Sanchez-Gordon S., Luján-Mora S. (2020) Design, Implementation and Evaluation of MOOCs to Improve Inclusion of Diverse Learners. Accessibility and Diversity in Education: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (ed. Information Resources Management Association), IGI Global, pp. 52–79. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1213-5.ch004
Sanchez-Gordon S., Luján-Mora S. (2019) Implementing Accessibility in Massive Open Online Courses’ Platforms for Teaching, Learning and Collaborating at Large Scale. eDemocracy & eGovernment. Stages of a Democratic Knowledge Society (ed. A. Meier), Cham: Springer, pp. 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17585-6
Sanchez-Gordon S., Luján-Mora S. (2018) Research Challenges in Accessible MOOCs: A Systematic Literature Review 2008–2016. Universal Access in the Information Society, vol. 17, no 4, pp. 775–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-017-0531-2
UNESCO (2020) Education in a Post-COVID World: Nine Ideas for Public Action. Paris: UNESCO. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/education_in_a_post-covid_world-nine_ideas_for_public_action.pdf (accessed 20 March 2023).
UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education (2021) Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 on the Education of Persons with Disabilities: Challenges and Opportunities of Distance Education: Policy Brief. Paris: UNESCO. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378404 (accessed 20 March 2023).
.jpg){kind=small}
