Youth Is Going to Study in a Metropolis: How Not to Stay Alone
Abstract
The needs of young people who have moved to study from other cities are often overshadowed by numerous studies of international students, traditionally considered by sociologists and practitioners to be among the most vulnerable groups. In this article, we focus on the migration paths of out-of-town students in megacities and what they face on their way to discovering a new city. The aim is to reconstruct scenarios of social inclusion for nonresident students. How and in what way do young people cope with feelings of isolation and loneliness, and is it really becoming a problem for them? In conceptualizing the scenarios, we rely on the "social drama" approach. By social inclusion scenarios we understand idealized models that summarize similar narratives of student youth about the period of moving to a big city and the way to find their place in it, having their own scenario with a lead, main action and a finale. We interpret social inclusion with reference to the modern debate on citizenship, understood as a wide field of youth involvement, not limited to politicized forms. This article uses the results of a qualitative analysis of 63 interviews with students who moved to study at two universities - the Higher School of Economics in St. Petersburg and KFU in Kazan. In each case an average of 31 interviews was conducted with graduate and undergraduate students. We distinguish 6 scenarios associated by the type of plot with film genres. In each of the identified scenarios we record different types of narratives related to experiences of loneliness or isolation in the first months or even years of acquaintance with a new city.
Downloads
References
Adler R.P., Goggin J. (2005) What Do We Mean By «Civic Engagement»? Journal of Transformative Education, vol. 3, no 3, pp. 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344605276792
Bauman Z. (2005) The Individualized Society. Moscow: Logos (In Russian).
Beck U., Beck-Gernsheim E. (2002) Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequences. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446218693
Berger B. (2009) Political Theory, Political Science, and the End of Civic Engagement. Perspectives on Politics, vol. 7, no 2, pp. 335–350. https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759270909080X
Bhula‐or R., Chimmamee M., Osatis C. (2022) Migration of Older Persons Seeking Care in Thailand. Journal of Social Issues, vol. 78, no 3, pp. 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12499
Brednikova O.E. (2017) The (Non-)Return: Can Migrants Become Former Migrants? Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, no 3, pp. 32–47 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.1080/10611959.2017.1450549
Cacioppo S., Grippo A.J., London S., Goossens L., Cacioppo J.T. (2015) Loneliness: Clinical Import and Interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, vol. 10, no 2, pp. 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615570616
Chen W., Wu S., Ling L., Renzaho A.M.N. (2019) Impacts of Social Integration and Loneliness on Mental Health of Humanitarian Migrants in Australia: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 43, no 1, pp. 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12856
Denzin N.K. (1989) Interpretive Biography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984584
Dotter D. (2002) Creating Deviance: Scenarios of Stigmatization in Postmodern Media Culture. Deviant Behavior, vol. 23, no 5, pp. 419–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/016396202320265300
Dozhdikov A.V., Kornilova E.V. (2023) Educational Migration of Applicants among Regions of the Russian Federation as a Data Source for Planning the Higher Education System Development. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii / Higher Education in Russia, vol. 32, no 3, pp. 67–83 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2023-32-3-67-83
Eflova M.Yu., Vinogradova Yu.V., Vitushkin A.V. (2013) Modern Youth as Actors of the Creative Class. The Kazan Socially-Humanitarian Bulletin, no 1 (58), pp. 31–35 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.26907/2079-5912.2023.1.31-35
Ekman J., Amna E. (2012) Political Participation and Civic Engagement: Towards a New Typology. Human Affairs, vol. 22, no 3, pp. 283–300. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13374-012-0024-1
Froehlich L., Brokjøb L.G., Nikitin J., Martiny S.E. (2022) Integration or Isolation: Social Identity Threat Relates to Immigrant Students' Sense of Belonging and Social Approach Motivation in the Academic Context. Journal of Social Issues, vol. 79, no 1, pp. 264–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12548
Goncharova N., Yasaveev I. (2020) The Meanings of WW2 Search Work in Russia in the Rhetoric of State Authorities and the Searchers Themselves. Universe of Russia, vol. 29, no 1, pp. 153–173 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1811-038X-2020-29-1-153-173
Gudkov L., Zorkaya N., Kochergina E., Pipiya K., Ryseva A. (2020) Generation Z: Young People of the Putin Era. Russian Public Opinion Herald, no 1-2 (130), pp. 21–121.
Harris A., Wyn J. (2009) Young People's Politics and the Micro-Territories of the Local. Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 44, no 2, pp. 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361140902865308
Harris A., Wyn J., Younes S. (2010) Beyond Apathetic or Activist Youth 'Ordinary' Young People and Contemporary Forms of Participation. Young, vol. 18, no 1, pp. 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/110330880901800103
Hays R.D., DiMatteo M.R. (1987) A Short-Form Measure of Loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, vol. 51, no 1, pp. 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6
Heu L. C., van Zomeren M., Hansen N. (2020) Far Away from Home and (Not) Lonely: Relational Mobility in Migrants' Heritage Culture as a Potential Protection from Loneliness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 77, July, pp. 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.05.005
Karachurina L.B., Florinskaya Y.F. (2019) Migration Intentions of School Graduates in Small and Midsize Towns of Rusia. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria 5, Geografia / Moscow University Bulletin. Series 5, Geography, no 6, pp.82–89 (In Russian).
Kenny S. (2016) Community Development Today: Engaging Challenges through Cosmopolitanism? Community Development Journal, vol. 51, no 1, pp. 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsv058
Kurennoy V. (2017) The Strength of Weak Ties. The Citizen and the Right to Solitude. Citizen: What Do We Know about a Resident of a Big City? (ed. I. Furman). Moscow: Strelka Press, pp. 14–29 (In Russian).
Kuziner E.N., Petrunina D.S. (2022) Creative Hubs as Third Places in Russian Regions. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, no 6 (172), pp. 333–355 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2022.6.2316
Lee J., Hong J., Zhou Y., Robles G. (2020) The Relationships between Loneliness, Social Support, and Resilience among Latinx Immigrants in the United States. Clinical Social Work Journal, vol. 48, October, pp. 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00728-w
Lerner Ju., Rapoport T., Lomsky-Feder E. (2009) Russian-Speaking Immigrant Students in Israeli Universities: The "Ethnocultural Script" in Action. Diasporas, no 2, pp. 62–90 (In Russian).
Lukyanova E., Elkina O. (2020) Volunteering as a Space for Youth Interaction: In Search and Contradictions of Development. Youth in the City: Cultures, Scenes and Solidarities (ed. O. Omelchenko), Moscow: HSE, pp. 29–91 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/978-5-7598-2128-1
Mayakovskaya A.V. (2022) Educational Migration and Practices of Social Adaptation Nonresident Students (by the Example of the City of Kazan). The Kazan Socially-Humanitarian Bulletin, no 5 (56), pp. 46–51. https://doi.org/10.26907/2079-5912.2022.5.46-51
Miller-Idriss C. (2006) Everyday Understandings of Citizenship in Germany. Citizenship Studies, vol. 10, no 5, pp. 541–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020600954978
Nartova N. (2021) Citizenship and Social Engagement of Youth in the Putin Era. Youth in Putin's Russia (ed. E. Omelchenko), London, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 137–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82954-4_4
Nartova N., Krupets Y., Shilova A. (2020) HIV Activism in Modern Russia: From NGOs to Community Development. Community Development Journal, vol. 55, no 3, pp. 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsy065
Neto F., Pinto M. (2022) Loneliness among African Migrants Living in Portugal. OBM Neurobiology, vol. 6, no 2, pp. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2202125
Oishi S., Kesebir S., Miao F.F., Talhelm T., Endo Y., Uchida Y., Norasakkunkit V. (2013) Residential Mobility Increases Motivation to Expand Social Network: But Why? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 49, no 2, pp. 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.008
Omelchenko D.A., Omelchenko E.L. (2022) In Search of Home. The Regional Identity of Young Kaliningraders: Life Strategies and Migration Intentions. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, no 6, pp. 309–332 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2022.6.2317
Omelchenko E.L. (2020) Instead of an Introduction. 25 Years of Youth Research: Global Names — Local Trends. Youth in the City: Cultures, Scenes and Solidarities (ed. E. Omelchenko), Moscow: HSE, pp. 29–91 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/978-5-7598-2128-1
Pilkington H., Acik N. (2020) Not Entitled to Talk: (Mis)recognition, Inequality and Social Activism of Young Muslims. Sociology, vol. 54, no 1, pp. 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038519867630
Pilkington H., Pollock G. (2015) 'Politics Are Bollocks': Youth, Politics and Activism in Contemporary Europe. The Sociological Review, vol. 63, no S2, pp. 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12260
Poliakov S., Omelchenko E., Garifzyanova A. (2020) Holding onto Your Roots: Tatar-Language Rap in Post-Soviet Kazan. Popular Music and Society, vol. 43, no 4, pp. 401–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007766.2020.1730650
Salikhova N., Fakhrutdinova A. (2021) A First-Year Students' Adaptation to Difficulties at High Educational Establishments. RGGU Bulletin. Series: Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no 1, pp. 97–113 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2021-1-97-113
Semenova V.V., Chernysh M.F., Sushko P.E. (eds) (2019) Social Mobility in an Increasingly Complex Society: Objective and Subjective Aspects. Moscow: FCTAS RAS (In Russian).
Shamovskaya T., Alimova D. (2019) Intercultural Communication as a Condition of Social-and-Cultural Adaptation of Foreign Students in the Educational Process at a University. Professional Education in Russia and Abroad, no 1 (33), pp. 172–177 (In Russian).
Shuang M., Yiqing W., Ling J., Guanzhen O., Jing G., Zhiyong Q., Xiaohua W. (2022) Relationship between Parent-Child Attachment and Depression among Migrant Children and Left-Behind Children in China. Public Health, vol. 204, March, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.12.015
Simmel G. (2002) The Metropolis and Mental Life. Logos, no 3, pp. 1–12 (In Russian).
Singh L.B., Kumar A., Srivastava S. (2021) Academic Burnout and Student Engagement: A Moderated Mediation Model of Internal Locus of Control and Loneliness. Journal of International Education in Business, vol. 14, no 2, pp. 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIEB-03-2020-0020
Smith K.J., Victor C. (2018) Typologies of Loneliness, Living Alone and Social Isolation, and Their Associations with Physical and Mental Health. Ageing and Society, vol. 39, no 8, pp. 1709–1730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X18000132
Snoubar Y., Zengin O. (2022) Social Support Effectiveness of the Mental Health of Immigrants Living in Belgium. The British Journal of Social Work, vol. 52, no 5, pp. 2707–2725. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcac031
Sommer R. (2022) Migration and Narrative Dynamics. The Routledge Companion to Narrative Theory (eds P. Dawson, M. Mäkelä), Routledge. pp. 498–511. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003100157-46
Sveningsson M. (2015) 'I Wouldn't Have What It Takes': Young Swedes Understandings of Political Participation. Young, vol. 24, no 2, pp. 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308815603305
Turner V. (1980) Social Dramas and Stories About Them. Critical Inquiry, vol. 7, no 1, pp. 141–168. https://doi.org/10.1086/448092
Vatolkina N.Sh., Fedotkina O.P. (2018) International Strategic University Partnership: Interaction Models. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii / Higher Education in Russia, no 6, pp. 113–119 (In Russian).
Walker M., Mathebula M. (2020) Low-Income Rural Youth Migrating to Urban Universities in South Africa: Opportunities and Inequalities. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, vol. 50, no 8, pp. 1193–1209. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2019.1587705
Yuki M., Schug J. (2012) Relational Mobility: A Socioecological Approach to Personal Relationships. New Directions in Close Relationships: Integrating across Disciplines and Theoretical Approaches (eds O. Gillath, G.E. Adams, A.D. Kunkel), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1037/13489-007
Zamaltdinova L., Malganova I. (2014) Features and Prospects of Educational Migration Flows between the Countries of Southeast Asia and the Republic of Tatarstan. Migration Processes: Trends, Challenges, Prospects (eds N.G. Bagautdinova, E.V. Fakhrutdinova), Kazan: Otechestvo, pp. 117–122 (In Russian).