Higher Medical Education of Pediatricians in the BRICS Countries
Аннотация
The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of the organization of training in medical universities of the BRICS countries for future pediatricians. What are the common characteristics and differences between higher medical education in Brazil, Indonesia, China, Egypt, India, Iran, Russia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Ethiopia and Republic of South Africa?
The study has revealed that the Bologna education system has been fully preserved only in China and the UAE, while Russia plans to abolish it from 2025. Pediatric faculties are organized in three countries: Brazil, Russia, and China. If basic medical education lasts from four to six years, then further training in pediatric residency is required, the duration of which is an additional 2-4 years. In almost all countries (except China), the objective and structured clinical exam (OSCE) is recognized as the major examination for obtaining a pediatrician's diploma and specialist board certification.
All in all, each BRICS country has its own educational standards. The level of accessibility of higher medical education varies, but initiatives are being taken to improve the quality of education, including a unified educational system and assessment of learning, exchange of experience.
Скачивания
Литература
Badrawi N., Hosny S., Ragab L., Ghali M., Eldeek B., Tawdi A.F. et al. (2023) Radical Reform of the Undergraduate Medical Education Program in a Developing Country: The Egyptian Experience. BMC Medical Education, vol. 23, Article no 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04098-3
Bagrationi K., Filonovich S. (2024) How Leadership in Higher Education Is Different from Leadership in Traditional Business Organizations? Voprosy obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow, no 2, pp. 42–74 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/vo-2024-16271
Bhatnagar K., Saoji V., Banerjee A. (2011) Objective Structured Clinical Examination for Undergraduates: Is It a Feasible Approach to Standardized Assessment in India? Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 59, no 3, pp. 211–214. https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.81032
Bryman A. (2007) Effective Leadership in Higher Education: A Literature Review. Studies in Higher Education, vol. 32, no 6, pp. 693–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070701685114
Dejene D., Ayalew F., Yigzaw T., Woretaw A., Versluis M., Stekelenburg J. (2024) Assessment of Clinical Competence of Medical Graduates and Their Related Factors in Ethiopia. BMC Medical Education, vol. 24, Article no 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04939-1
Figueiredo A., McKinley D., Massuda A., Azevedo G. (2021) Evaluating Medical Education Regulation Changes in Brazil: Workforce Impact. Human Resources for Health, vol. 19, Article no 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00580-5
Farrokhi-Khajeh-Pasha Ya., Nedjat S., Mohammadi A., Rad E.M., Majdzadeh R., Monajemi F. et al. (2012) Validity of the National University of Iran (Conjumping) Entrance Exams to Predict the Academic Performance of Medical Students. BMC Medical Education, vol. 12, Article no 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-12-60
Harden R., Stevenson M., Downie W., Wilson G. (1975) Assessment of Clinical Competence Using Objective Structured Examination. British Medical Journal, no 1, pp. 447–451. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5955.447
Hassan M., Zakiryanova A. (2021) Medical Education System in Egypt. Proceedings of the VI International (76th All-Russian) Scientific and Practical Conference "Topical Issues of Modern Medical Science and Healthcare" (Yekaterinburg, April 8–9, 2021), pp. 444–449. Available at: https://elib.usma.ru/bitstream/usma/5055/1/USMU_Sbornik_statei_2021_3_106.pdf (accessed 2.10.2025)
Hu X., Du B. (2020) 4 + 4 Medical Education: A Word of Caution. Lancet, vol. 395, iss. 10225, p. 688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32996-4
Ibrahim H., Al Tatari, Holmboe E. (2015) The Transition to Competency-Based Pediatric Training in the United Arab Emirates. BMC Medical Education, vol. 15, Article no 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0340-3
Juhi A., Pinjar M., Marndi G., Hungund B., Mondal H. (2023) Evaluation of Blended Learning Method Versus Traditional Learning Method of Clinical Examination Skills in Physiology Among Undergraduate Medical Students in an Indian Medical College. Cureus, vol. 15, iss. 4, Article no e37886. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37886
Kittrakulrat J., Jongjatuporn W., Jurjai R., Jarupanich N., Pongpirul K. (2014) The ASEAN Economic Community and Medical Qualification. Global Health Action, no 7, Article no 24535. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.24535
Mariani A., Pêgo-Fernandes P. (2011) Medical Education: Simulation and Virtual Reality. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, vol. 129, no 6, pp. 369–370. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802011000600001
Mikirtichan G., Suvorova R. (1998) History of Russian Pediatrics. St-Petersburg: Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University (In Russian).
Pryazhnikova O. (2022) Directions for the Development of Medical Services in the Countries of the Asia-Pacific Region. Russia: Trends and Development Prospects, iss.17, part 3, pp. 396–397 (In Russian). Available at: https://inion.ru/ru/publishing/publications/rossiia-tendentcii-i-perspektivy-razvitiia-ezhegodnik-vyp-17-ch-3 (accessed 2.10.2025).
Roshal L., Baranov A., Polunina N., Albitskiy V. (2015) The Eighty-Fifth Anniversary of Pediatric Education in Russia. Russian Medicine, vol. 21, no 5, pp. 4–8 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17816/rmj38238
Sabde Y., Diwan V., Mahadik V., Parashar V., Negandhi H., Trushna T., Zodpey S. (2020) Medical Schools in India: Pattern of Establishment and Impact on Public Health — a Geographic Information System (GIS) Based Exploratory Study. BMC Public Health, vol. 20, Article no 755. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08797-0
Schildmann J., Kampmann M., Schwantes U. (2004) Teaching Courses on Aspects of Medical History Taking and Communication Skills in Germany: A Survey among Students of 12 Medical Faculties. Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung und Qualitätssicherung, vol. 98, no 4, pp. 287–292. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15295931
Simagina N., Skorobogatova M. (2023) The System of Training Scientific Personnel in China. Scientific Notes of the VI Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Sociology. Pedagogy. Psychology, vol. 9 (75), no 2, pp. 84–91 (In Russian). Available at: https://sn-spp.cfuv.ru/2683-2/ (accessed 2.10.2025).
Singh T., Singh D., Natu M. (1998) A Suggested Model for Internal Assessment as Per MCI Guidelines on Graduate Medical Education, 1997. Medical Council of India. Indian Pediatr, vol. 35, no 4, pp. 345–347. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9770889 (accessed 2.10.2025).
Stern D., Wojtczak A., Schwarz M. (2003) The Assessment of Global Minimum Essential Requirements in Medical Education. Medical Teacher, vol. 25, no 6, pp. 589–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159032000151295
Tan X., Zhang Y., Shao H. (2019) Healthy China 2030, a Breakthrough for Improving Health. Glob Health Promotion, vol. 26, no 4, pp. 96–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975917743533
Tikhonova N., Kalinina A. (2023) Healthcare in China and Russia. Commonality, Differences, and Collaboration. Medicine and Healthcare Organization, vol. 8, no 2, pp. 26–36 (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.56871/MHCO.2023.70.59.003
Troncon L. (2004) Clinical Skills Assessment: Limitations to the Introduction of an "OSCE" (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) in a Traditional Brazilian Medical School. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, vol. 122, no 1, pp. 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802004000100004
Utomo P., Randita A., Riskiyana R., Kurniawan F., Aras I., Abrori C., Rahayu G.R. (2022) Predicting Medical Graduates' Clinical Performance Using National Competency Examination Results in Indonesia. BMC Medical Education, vol. 22, Article no 254. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03321-x
Vyazovskaya T., Ivanova O. (2018) Organizational-Legal Bases of the Higher Education in the European State — Parties of Bologna Process: Comparative-Legal Analysis. Law and Practice, no 4, pp. 35–42 (In Russian). Available at: https://helri.com/pip/pip-2018-4-opisanie.pdf (accessed 2.10.2025).
Wang W. (2021) Medical Education in China: Progress in the Past 70 Years and a Vision for the Future. BMC Medical Education, vol. 21, Article no 453. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02875-6
Zhang H., Li S., Zheng G., Chen X., Zhong L., Li J., Li Y. (2025) Network Analysis of an OSCE-Based Graduation Skills Assessment for Clinical Medical Students. BMC Medical Education, vol. 25, Article no 605. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-07091-0
Zhang Y. Huang L., Zhou X., Zhang X., Ke Zh., Wang Zh. Et al. (2019) Characteristics and Workload of Pediatricians in China. Pediatrics, vol. 144, iss. 1, Article no e20183532. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3532
