Образовательные условия для поддержки игры и развития творческих способностей в детских садах
Аннотация
Проведено исследование с целью оценить условия, которые создаются в детских садах для игры и развития творческих способностей детей, а также выявить факторы, определяющие качество этих условий и их совместимость друг с другом. Для оценки образовательных условий использовались шкалы Play Environment Rating Scale: ECERS Extension (PERS) и Creativity Environment Rating Scale: ECERS Extension (CERS). Оценка проводилась методом включенного наблюдения, которое осуществляли в течение трех часов специально обученные эксперты. В исследовании приняли участие 39 дошкольных групп из России и Казахстана. Определены ключевые дефициты условий для игры (недостаток времени на свободную деятельность, малое количество неструктурированных материалов, неготовность взрослых сопровождать детскую игру) и для развития творческих способностей (недостаточная поддержка детского вопрошания, редкие обсуждения проблемных ситуаций с детьми). Обнаружена взаимосвязь между качеством условий для поддержки игры и для развития творческих способностей.
Авторы высказывают предположение, что для поддержки игровой деятельности и мыслительных процессов детей в детском саду педагогу необходимы не только конкретные умения или технологии (сопровождения игры или ведения диалога), но и прежде всего некоторые универсальные профессиональные способности, в частности позволяющие справляться с ситуациями неопределенности. В ходе качественного анализа полученных данных выделен кластер авторских детских садов, в которых образовательная программа строится рефлексивно и осознанно. Именно таким детским садам значимо чаще других удается создавать хотя бы минимальные условия и для игры, и для развития творческих способностей детей. Качество условий для игры и творчества в Монтессори-группах выше, чем в группах с фронтально-учебной организацией образовательного процесса, но ниже, чем в группах, где образовательные условия сфокусированы на игре и творческих способностях.
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Литература
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