В чем разница между «самыми лучшими» и «достаточно престижными» университетами? Карьерные ожидания студентов ведущих и неселективных вузов
Аннотация
Проведено исследование с целью проанализировать связь представлений студентов о старте карьеры с институциональными характеристиками университетов разного статуса. Эмпирической основой исследования послужили данные 44 интервью со студентами старших курсов в трех российских регионах. Образ будущей карьеры, в целом схожий и довольно размытый при поступлении в вуз, становится более определенным за время обучения и к старшим курсам заметно различается у студентов ведущих и неселективных университетов. Различия в операционализации карьерных ожиданий зависят от восприятия ресурсов для старта карьеры и самоэффективности их использования. В представлении студентов ведущих университетов вуз дает им универсальные компетенции, сильный сигнал для работодателя, долгосрочные социальные связи, знание профессиональной культуры, практическую информацию и развитые сервисы поддержки транзита на рынок труда. Студенты неселективных вузов рассчитывают на профильную специализацию, недооценивают репутационный капитал вуза, плохо информированы о «правилах игры» и пассивны в использовании инфраструктурного капитала. Несмотря на сравнительно небольшую разницу в селективности вузов, различия в восприятии институциональной среды приводят к существенной стратификации ожиданий и возможностей для старта карьеры. Старшекурсники ведущих университетов усваивают образ успешной карьеры представителя среднего класса, получают возможность пробовать себя в разных профессиональных областях и проторенный путь для старта с более высоких позиций в престижных отраслях и компаниях. Старшекурсники неселективных вузов имеют менее определенные и менее амбициозные ожидания, ориентируются на стабильное инерционное развитие «с самых низов» в рамках выбранной специальности, но начинают карьеру с непрофильной и низкоквалифицированной работы.
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